底面图像中的自动化视盘（OD）和光杯（OC）分割与有效测量垂直杯盘比率（VCDR）是一种在眼科中常用的生物标志物，以确定胶状神经神经病变的程度。通常，这是使用粗到1的深度学习算法来解决的，其中第一阶段近似于OD，第二阶段使用该区域的作物来预测OD/OC掩码。尽管这种方法广泛应用于文献中，但尚无研究来分析其对结果的真正贡献。在本文中，我们介绍了使用5个公共数据库的不同粗到精细设计的全面分析，包括从标准分割的角度以及估算青光眼评估的VCDR。我们的分析表明，这些算法不一定超过标准的多级单阶段模型，尤其是当这些算法是从足够大而多样化的训练集中学习的。此外，我们注意到粗糙阶段比精细的OD分割结果更好，并且在第二阶段提供OD监督对于确保准确的OC掩码至关重要。此外，在多数据集设置上训练的单阶段和两阶段模型都表现出对成对的结果，甚至比其他最先进的替代方案更好，同时排名第一的OD/OC分段。最后，我们评估了VCDR预测的模型与Airogs图像子集中的六个眼科医生相比，以在观察者间可变性的背景下理解它们。我们注意到，即使从单阶段和粗至细节模型中恢复的VCDR估计值也可以获得良好的青光眼检测结果，即使它们与专家的手动测量不高度相关。

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License.

Model calibration, which is concerned with how frequently the model predicts correctly, not only plays a vital part in statistical model design, but also has substantial practical applications, such as optimal decision-making in the real world. However, it has been discovered that modern deep neural networks are generally poorly calibrated due to the overestimation (or underestimation) of predictive confidence, which is closely related to overfitting. In this paper, we propose Annealing Double-Head, a simple-to-implement but highly effective architecture for calibrating the DNN during training. To be precise, we construct an additional calibration head-a shallow neural network that typically has one latent layer-on top of the last latent layer in the normal model to map the logits to the aligned confidence. Furthermore, a simple Annealing technique that dynamically scales the logits by calibration head in training procedure is developed to improve its performance. Under both the in-distribution and distributional shift circumstances, we exhaustively evaluate our Annealing Double-Head architecture on multiple pairs of contemporary DNN architectures and vision and speech datasets. We demonstrate that our method achieves state-of-the-art model calibration performance without post-processing while simultaneously providing comparable predictive accuracy in comparison to other recently proposed calibration methods on a range of learning tasks.

The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

Agriculture is at the heart of the solution to achieve sustainability in feeding the world population, but advancing our understanding on how agricultural output responds to climatic variability is still needed. Precision Agriculture (PA), which is a management strategy that uses technology such as remote sensing, Geographical Information System (GIS), and machine learning for decision making in the field, has emerged as a promising approach to enhance crop production, increase yield, and reduce water and nutrient losses and environmental impacts. In this context, multiple models to predict agricultural phenotypes, such as crop yield, from genomics (G), environment (E), weather and soil, and field management practices (M) have been developed. These models have traditionally been based on mechanistic or statistical approaches. However, AI approaches are intrinsically well-suited to model complex interactions and have more recently been developed, outperforming classical methods. Here, we present a Natural Language Processing (NLP)-based neural network architecture to process the G, E and M inputs and their interactions. We show that by modeling DNA as natural language, our approach performs better than previous approaches when tested for new environments and similarly to other approaches for unseen seed varieties.

To apply federated learning to drug discovery we developed a novel platform in the context of European Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) project MELLODDY (grant n{\deg}831472), which was comprised of 10 pharmaceutical companies, academic research labs, large industrial companies and startups. The MELLODDY platform was the first industry-scale platform to enable the creation of a global federated model for drug discovery without sharing the confidential data sets of the individual partners. The federated model was trained on the platform by aggregating the gradients of all contributing partners in a cryptographic, secure way following each training iteration. The platform was deployed on an Amazon Web Services (AWS) multi-account architecture running Kubernetes clusters in private subnets. Organisationally, the roles of the different partners were codified as different rights and permissions on the platform and administrated in a decentralized way. The MELLODDY platform generated new scientific discoveries which are described in a companion paper.

Specular microscopy assessment of the human corneal endothelium (CE) in Fuchs' dystrophy is challenging due to the presence of dark image regions called guttae. This paper proposes a UNet-based segmentation approach that requires minimal post-processing and achieves reliable CE morphometric assessment and guttae identification across all degrees of Fuchs' dystrophy. We cast the segmentation problem as a regression task of the cell and gutta signed distance maps instead of a pixel-level classification task as typically done with UNets. Compared to the conventional UNet classification approach, the distance-map regression approach converges faster in clinically relevant parameters. It also produces morphometric parameters that agree with the manually-segmented ground-truth data, namely the average cell density difference of -41.9 cells/mm2 (95% confidence interval (CI) [-306.2, 222.5]) and the average difference of mean cell area of 14.8 um2 (95% CI [-41.9, 71.5]). These results suggest a promising alternative for CE assessment.

肿瘤分割是放疗治疗计划的基本步骤。为了确定口咽癌患者（OPC）原发性肿瘤（GTVP）的准确分割，需要同时评估不同图像模态，并从不同方向探索每个图像体积。此外，分割的手动固定边界忽略了肿瘤描述中已知的空间不确定性。这项研究提出了一种新型的自动深度学习（DL）模型，以在注册的FDG PET/CT图像上进行逐片自适应GTVP分割的辐射肿瘤学家。我们包括138名在我们研究所接受过（化学）辐射治疗的OPC患者。我们的DL框架利用了间和板板的上下文。连续3片的串联FDG PET/CT图像和GTVP轮廓的序列用作输入。进行了3倍的交叉验证，进行了3​​次，对从113例患者的轴向（a），矢状（s）和冠状（c）平面提取的序列进行了训练。由于体积中的连续序列包含重叠的切片，因此每个切片产生了平均的三个结果预测。在A，S和C平面中，输出显示具有预测肿瘤的概率不同的区域。使用平均骰子得分系数（DSC）评估了25名患者的模型性能。预测是最接近地面真理的概率阈值（在A中为0.70，s为0.70，在s中为0.77，在C平面中为0.80）。提出的DL模型的有希望的结果表明，注册的FDG PET/CT图像上的概率图可以指导逐片自适应GTVP分割中的辐射肿瘤学家。

巴西最高法院每学期收到数万案件。法院员工花费数千个小时来执行这些案件的初步分析和分类 - 这需要努力从案件管理工作流的后部，更复杂的阶段进行努力。在本文中，我们探讨了来自巴西最高法院的文件多模式分类。我们在6,510起诉讼（339,478页）的新型多模式数据集上训练和评估我们的方法，并用手动注释将每个页面分配给六个类之一。每个诉讼都是页面的有序序列，它们既可以作为图像存储，又是通过光学特征识别提取的相应文本。我们首先训练两个单峰分类器：图像上对Imagenet进行了预先训练的重新编织，并且图像上进行了微调，并且具有多个内核尺寸过滤器的卷积网络在文档文本上从SCRATCH进行了训练。我们将它们用作视觉和文本特征的提取器，然后通过我们提出的融合模块组合。我们的融合模块可以通过使用学习的嵌入来处理缺失的文本或视觉输入，以获取缺少数据。此外，我们尝试使用双向长期记忆（BILSTM）网络和线性链条件随机字段进行实验，以模拟页面的顺序性质。多模式方法的表现都优于文本分类器和视觉分类器，尤其是在利用页面的顺序性质时。

磁共振成像（MRI）是中风成像的中心方式。它被用来接受患者的治疗决定，例如选择患者进行静脉溶栓或血管内治疗。随后在住院期间使用MRI来通过可视化梗塞核心大小和位置来预测结果。此外，它可以用来表征中风病因，例如（心脏） - 栓塞和非胚胎中风之间的区分。基于计算机的自动医疗图像处理越来越多地进入临床常规。缺血性中风病变分割（ISLE）挑战的先前迭代有助于生成鉴定急性和急性缺血性中风病变分割的基准方法。在这里，我们介绍了一个专家注册的多中心MRI数据集，以分割急性到亚急性中风病变。该数据集包括400个多供应商MRI案例，中风病变大小，数量和位置的可变性很高。它分为n = 250的训练数据集和n = 150的测试数据集。所有培训数据将公开可用。测试数据集将仅用于模型验证，并且不会向公众发布。该数据集是Isles 2022挑战的基础，目的是找到算法方法，以实现缺血性中风的稳健和准确分割算法的开发和基准测试。